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第4讲 句子种类和五大基本句型
一、英语句子种类
1. 按句子的用途分：
1) 陈述句（肯定、否定）：
eg. He is six years old.
She didn’t hear of you before.
2) 疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：
eg. Do they like skating
How old is he
Is he six or seven years old
Mary can swim, can’t she
3) 祈使句：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class.
4) 感叹句：How clever the boy is! What a clever boy!
一、英语句子种类
2. 按句子的结构分：
简单句、并列句和复合句。
1) 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the newspapers.
一、英语句子种类
2) 并列句：包含两个或两个以上的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but/or等 或用分号连接。
①表同等概念: and/ but /not only…but also.../neither…nor…
eg. He studies well and his sister is fond of sports.
He studies well but he is not good at sports.
Study hard and you’ll make progress.
②表选择: or/either…or
eg. Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
Either you are wrong, or I am.
一、英语句子种类
③表转折: but /while(但)/however…
eg. We can't see air, however, it does exist.
④表因果: so/for
eg. I have to stay at home, for it is raining heavily outside.
一、英语句子种类
3) 复合句：包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。
名词性从句（主语/宾语/表语从句）
定语从句
状语从句
eg. I think that he is a good student.
I know the girl who is standing on the stage.
You can't leave until you finish the work.
二、英语五大基本句型
You come. 你来。
I love you. 我爱你。
I give you my heart. 我把心给你。
You make me happy. 你让我快乐。
You are my everything. 你是我的一切。
总结：英语句子有以下严格要求：1.必须有__________；2.必须有_______；3.要能表达_____________，若意思不完整则需要在主语和谓语动词后添加其他补充成分如表语/宾语/宾补。
主语
谓语
一个完整的意思
主谓
主谓宾
主谓间宾直宾
主谓宾+宾补
主系表
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下：
1. S+V(主＋谓)
2. S+V+O(主＋谓＋宾)
3. S+V+P(主＋系＋表)
4. S+V+O+O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
5. S+V+O+C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
二、英语五大基本句型
基本句型一： S十V （主谓结构）
这个句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词, 不能直接带宾语(接宾语必须后加介词), 其后常带有状语，由副词, 介词短语，状语从句等来充当。
常见的不及物动词有arrive, come, go, live, fall, rise, happen, exist, agree等。
The girl sings beautifully. 主+谓
Detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. 主+谓
The accident happened when she was crossing the street. 主+谓
基本句型一： S十V （主谓结构）
翻译练习
1. 他从早到晚努力工作。
2. 我目前生活在北京。
3. 事故是昨天晚上发生的。
4. 自从2010年以来成都发生了很大的变化。
5. 比赛将于6月10日下午在我们学校礼堂举行。（2019全国2卷）
He works (hard) (from morning to night).
I am living (in Beijing)(now).
The accident happened (last night).
Cheng du has changed
(a lot) (since 2010).
The competition will take place (in the school hall)(on the morning of June 10).
基本句型二： S十V十O （主谓宾结构）
此句型中的谓语动词应为及物动词。谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语，构成主谓宾结构。其后可接宾语的成分通常是：名词、代词、动词不定式(to do)、动名词(v-ing)或从句。
They are reading books.
主 谓 宾
He just wanted to stay at home.
主 谓 宾
All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
主 谓 宾（从句）
基本句型二： S十V十O （主谓宾结构）
翻译练习
1.我们每天有八节课。
2.我想跟你一起去看足球赛。
3.昨天在商场，我们遇到了一群外国人。
4.我相信你将会在这里度过一个愉快的假期。
5.我们学校将于下周五上午在学校礼堂举行音乐节。（2019全国3卷）
We have eight classes (every day).
I want to watch the football match (with you).
We came across/met a group of foreigners (in the shopping mall)(yesterday).
I believe (that) you will have/spend a happy/pleasant holiday here.
Our school will hold Music Festival (at the school hall)(this Friday morning).
基本句型（三）：S十V十P （主系表结构）
This is a good story and it sounds very interesting.
主 系 表 主 系 表
此句型中谓语动词需用系动词，表语用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属、身份等。
1) 常见的连系动词(熟练背诵)：
①be 动词：am/is/are/was/were/have been/will be... （是…）+各种表语
②感官系动词：look/sound/taste/smell/feel（…起来）+adj.
③变化系动词：become (old/a doctor) /get(angry) /grow/go(bad) /turn(yellow) /come(true)(变得...)
④保持系动词：keep/stay/remain（保持...）+adj.
⑤表象系动词：seem/appear/look(看起来...)+adj.
⑥终止系动词：prove/turn out(证实/证明是...)+adj.
2) 充当表语的可以是：名词，形容词，介词短语，从句, 非谓语动词等
基本句型（三）：S十V十P （主系表结构）
翻译练习
1. 我是李华，一名来自中国的高中生。
2. 我父母都是英语教师。
3.经常锻炼，平衡饮食有益健康。
4.地震期间你应保持冷静。
5.我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受我们学生的欢迎。（2016全国1卷）
I’m Li Hua, (a high school student from China).
My parents are both English teachers.
Doing exercise regularly and keeping a balanced diet are good (for our health).
You should keep calm (during the earthquake).
The “Foreign culture” section (in our newspaper) is very popular (among us students).
基本句型（四）：S十V十Oi+Od （主谓+间宾+直宾）
此句型中的谓语动词为授予动词，后接双宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。但如果直接宾语在前，间接宾语在后，中间需要加上一个介词to或for。 常见授予动词有 give, send, tell, teach, pay, show, offer, buy, cook等
Mr Smith gave me some advice.= Mr Smith gave some advice to me.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
He bought his son a bicycle.= He bought a bicycle for his son.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
基本句型（四）：S十V十Oi+Od （主谓+间宾+直宾）
翻译练习
1.他向我们提供了大量的食物和水。
2.他们定期给我们发来邮件。
3. 我妈妈给我做了顿大餐来庆祝我的胜利。
4.希望我能提供给你一些有用的建议。
5.你上次给我展示过一些有关这个主题的照片。（2016全国2卷）
He offered us plenty of food and water.
They send us emails (regularly).
My mom cooked me a big meal (to celebrate my victory).
I hope (that) I can offer you some helpful suggestions.
You showed us some photos (about the theme).
基本句型（五）：S十V十O+Oc （主谓宾+宾补）
此句型中谓语动词为不完全及物动词，主谓宾结构还不能表达完整的意思，必须加一个宾语补足语来说明宾语的情况才能使句子完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、非谓语动词、副词或介词短语等充当。
We call him a living dictionary.
主 谓 宾 宾补
You will find my suggestions very useful.
主 谓 宾 宾补
Our English teacher always encourages us to work hard.
主 谓 宾 宾补
We saw them getting on the bus.
主 谓 宾 宾补
基本句型（五）：S十V十O+Oc （主谓宾+宾补）
翻译练习
1.我们选(elect)他当班长。
2.我们必须保持我们的教室干净整洁。
3.我想让你加入我们学校的乒乓球队。
4.我听到她刚刚在教室开心地唱歌。
5.我认为写英语日记很有用。
I would like/want you to join our school’s table tennis team.
I think it useful to keep an English diary.
we elect him monitor.
we must keep our classroom clean and tidy.
I heard her singing happily in the classroom just now.
I. 指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式
练习
A. S V (主＋谓) B. S V P(主＋系＋表)
C. S V O (主＋谓＋宾) D. S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
E. S V O C (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
1. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2. Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
3. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
4. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
5. My father bought a new bike for me last week.
6. They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.
7. They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.
8. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
B
C
E
B
D
E
A
C
II. 用五种基本句式翻译句子
练习
1. 在这种环境下，师生们正生活快乐，工作努力。(S V)
2. 在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(S V P)
3. 现在，在中学课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。(S V P)
4. 最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(S V O)
In the environment，teachers and students are living happily and working hard.
In my opinion，a person without friends will never be happy.
Nowadays，after class activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.
Finally，we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.
II. 用五种基本句式翻译句子
练习
5. 同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。(S V O O)
6. 事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。 (S V O C)
7. 你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。 (S V O C)
8. 作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。 (S V O C)
At the same time，parents are giving their children too much protection.
In fact，he inspired me to major in English in college.
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
As a middle school student，I consider English a very important subject.
III. 语法填空
练习
Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earth's climate. One of the oceans' most important climate 1.________ (function) is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2)，one of the gases that cause global warming.2.________ (cover) 70% of the surface of the globe，oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does. The oceans 3.________ (absorb) huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years. In fact，the oceans are saving us 4.________ faster climate change—they are putting a brake on the climate system.5.________ bad news is that the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming.
functions
Covering
have absorbed
from
The
练习
Once the oceans come up against a greenhouse-gas warmed earth，the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6.________ (hot)．Another important role 7.________ (play) by the oceans is that of distributor. The ocean's currents carry oxygen，nutrients (营养物) and heat throughout the globe，just 8.________ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body. The ocean distributes 25% to 50% of energy 9.________ the planet receives from the sun. For example，the Gulf Stream (墨西哥湾流) carries heat across the Atlantic. This warm current makes northwestern Europe warmer than it would 10.________ (normal) be.
hotter
played
as/like
that/which
normally
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