英语语法－词性详解二－动词 一、动词的定义 二、动词的分类 (1) (2) (3) 三、动词的时态 1.一般现在时 2.一般过去时

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1 英语语法－词性详解二－动词 一、动词的定义 二、动词的分类 (1) (2) (3) 三、动词的时态 1.一般现在时 2.一般过去时
3.一般将来时 4.现在进行时 5.过去进行时 6.现在完成时 7.过去完成时 8.过去将来时 四、非谓语动词 六、动词的基本形式 五、被动语态

2 一、按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类
类别 特点 意义 举例 实义动词 (vt. vi.) 及物动词跟宾语 须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思 I have a book.. 不及物动词不能直接接宾语 能独立作谓语 She always comes late. 系动词 (link-v) 跟表语 不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思 I am a student. 助动词 (aux. v.) 跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义） 不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态 He doesn’t speak Chinese. I am watching TV. 情态动词 (mod. v.) 跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思） 不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化 We can do it by ourselves. That would be better. 返回

3 ：由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下 二、短语动词
举例 动词+介词 Look at, look after 动词+副词 Give up, put into 动词+副词+介词 Catch up with, look down upon 动词+名词+介词 Take care of, pay attention to Be+形容词+介词 Be proud of, be afraid of 复杂结构 Make up one’s mind 返回

4 三、按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
1、谓语动词(如下) 2、非谓语动词 形 式 意 义 举 例 人称 与主语在人称一致 I am reading now. 第一人称 数 与主语在数上一致 He writes well. 第三人称单数 时态 表示动作发生的时间 He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态 语态 主语是动作的发生者或者承受者 We study English.主动 The road was filled with rubbish. 被动 语气 说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等 He has flown to America. 事实 I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望 返回

5 2、非谓语动词 形式 意义 用途 举例 不定式 动名词 分词 现在分词 过去分词 起形容词和名词作用 可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语
It takes me 20 minutes to go to school 动名词 起名词作用 作主语和宾语 She likes reading. 分词 现在分词 起形容词、副词作用，表主动 作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 The cup is broken 过去分词 起形容词、副词作用，表被动 The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.

6 1.一般现在时 练习 返回 （1）表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态
eg.We often write to each other 我们时常相互通信。 常与always，usually，often，sometimes，every day，once a week，yearly每年，monthly每月， 等时间状语或频率副词连用。 （2）表示主语现在的性格、特征、能力 eg.He works hard.他努力工作 （3）表示客观事实或普遍用法 eg.The sun rises in the east. Light goes faster than sound （4）用于状语从句代替一般将来时 eg.You will succeed if you try . I will tell him about it as soon as I see him next Monday. 常与连词：when , as soon as , before , after , until , if 如果，等引导的时间状语或条件状语从句 练习 返回

7 2.一般过去时 (1).表示过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态 e.g. He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago. Where were you just now? (2).表示过去某一时间里反复出现的动作或状态 e.g. Their children often went hungry in the old days.        During his middle school years, he played football nearly every day. (3).表示主语过去的特征或性格等. e.g. At that time she spoke very good English. (4).一般过去时往往和明确的过去时间状语连用.如:yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, in 1996, at that time 等,也常和when, if等引导的状语从句连用. e.g. Did you play volleyball yesterday afternoon?        My father, when he was a child, worked 15 hours for the landlord a day. (5).一般过去时可与today, this week, this month等时间状语连用 e.g. I saw him today.        He came late three times this week. 练习 返回

8 一般过去时的练习 1. I saw him this morning.（改为否定句、疑问句并做回答）
2. He came late three times this week.（同上） 3. Jim  came late   three times this week.(分别对a,b,c,d提问)     a     b           c             d 4. A．I_______(be) 12 last year. B．—_______(be)the doctor in the hospital last night? —No, he_______(be not). C. —What _______he_______(do) yesterday? —He_______(draw)some pictures in the park. 5.A. _______ _______a sweater on the desk just now. B. There are some children in the aquarium now. (用 yesterday替换 now) _______ _______some children in the aquarium yesterday. C. There were some buildings here in the past. (改为一般疑问句) _______ _______ _______ buildings here in the past? 返回

9 3.一般将来时 (1)构成 a.will / shall +动词原形(备：在口语中，shall和will常缩写成"'ll"，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not和will not的简略式分别为shan't和won't) b. be going to + 动词原形 c. be + 动词-ing形式（动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get等） d.be + 动词不定式 （例：You are to be back before 10:00 p.m 你必须在上午10点前回来。表示按计划或正式安排将发生的事 ） (2)用法 ①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 ②表示将要反复发生的动作 练习 (3)常用结构 ①用于"祈使句 + and + 陈术句"中。Eg.Work hard and you will succeed. 返回 ②与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。If you ask him, he will help you. ③ 用于"I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句"中。 I don't think the test will be very difficult.

10 4.现在进行时 (1)意义：a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作。 常与now, the moment等连用。
例:Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom. b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作。 例:They are planting trees on the hill these days. c.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩。 例:My brother is always leaving things about. 注:现在进行时往往与always连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。 (2)构成：主语+be+现在分词(v.+ing) 练习 返回

11 现在进行时的练习 1. What are you _________(do) now? I ___________(eat) bread.
2. It’s nine o’clock. My father_______________(work) in the office. 3. Look, the boy____________(put) the rubbish into the bin. 4. ______he__________(clean) the classroom? No, he isn’t He____________(play). 5.Where is Mak? He___________(run) on the grass. 6. Listen, who____________(sing) in the music room? Oh, Mary_____________(sing) there. 7.The birds are singing in the tree.(就划线部分提问). 8.The children are playing games near the house.(就划线部分提问) 9.The Young Pioneers are helping the old woman.(改成一般疑问句) 返回

12 5.过去进行时 (1)意义： 1．表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如：
What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 2．表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。 如：They were building a dam last winter. 去年冬天他们在建一个大坝。 3．用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。如： They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. （2）构成：主语+was/were+现在分词 练习 返回

13 6.现在完成时 （1）意义：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
（2）结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 （3）四大标志词： * 以already, just和yet为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生 * 以ever和never为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过 * 以动作发生的次数为标志：He says he has been to the USA three times. * 以so far为标志：表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生 （4）注：a.*“终止”、“延续”要转换常见的有:come-be, go out -be out, leave-be away (from), begin-be on, buy-have, borrow-keep , join-be a member / 介词短语, die-be dead, become-be, open(v.)-be open(adj.) 等。 b. * 时间“点”、“段”须分清 for+时间段 since+过去某一时刻 练习 返回

14 现在完成时的练习 A)选用have, has填空: 1.I _______ told him the news.
2.She ________ come back from school. 3.You ________ won the game. B)按要求改写下列各句: 4.They have bought a computer.(改成否定句) 5.He has lost his book. (先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答) C) 单项选择6. -Where have you _____, Kate?-I've ______ to the bank. A. gone, gone　B. been, been　C. gone, been　D. been, gone 7. Her grandfather ______ for two years. A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has been died 8. It's six weeks ______ I met you last. A. when　B. since　C. before　D. for 9. Tom and Jack ______ West Hill Farm already. A. have got　B. have gone to　C. have been to　D. have reached 返回

15 7.过去完成时 (1)概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或情况，即：过去的过去。如:
When we got there, the football match had already started. 当我们赶到时，足球比赛已经开始了。 (2)构成:肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 否定句：主语+had not+过去分词+其他 疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 (3)用法: A.表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，表示对这一过去时间造成的结果或影响。常用以下几种方式： (1) 用by，before等构成的介词短语。 eg:Linda had learnt 10 English songs by the end of last month. (2) 用when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句。 eg:The train had started before we got to the station. B. 过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时间以前发生开始的动作持续到这一过去的时间。常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。 eg:I had worked in a hospital for three years before I came here. 练习 返回

16 8.过去将来时 （1）意义：表示以过去的某时来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中.
（2）构成：①主语+would/should+动词原形 ②主语+was/were+going to +动词原形 例:I didn’t know if she would come. I wasn’t sure whether he would do it . I didn’t know if she was going to come. Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday. 练习 返回

17 一般现在时的练习（1） 1. We often___________(play) in the playgound.
2.      He _________(get) up at six o’clock. 3.      __________you _________(brush) your teeth every morning. 4.       What        (do) he usually       (do) after school? 5.      Danny          (study) English,Chinese,Maths,Science and Art at school. 6.      Mike sometimes __________(go) to the park with his sister. 7.      At eight at night, she __________(watch) TV with his parents. 8.      ________ Mike________(read) English every day? 9.      How many lessons_________your classmate________(have) on Monday? 10.  What time_________his mother_________(do) the housework? 下一页 返回

18 一般现在时的练习（2） 9. My dog runs fast. （改为否定句、一般疑问句）
10.  Mike has two letters for him. （改为否定句、一般疑问句） 11.   I usually play football on Friday afternoon. （改为否定句、一般疑问句并对划线部分提问） 12.  Su Yang usually washes some clothes on Saturday.（同上） 13.  Mingming usually waters the flowers every day （同上） 14.  Tom does his homework at home. （同上） 上一页 返回

19 英语动词的五种基本形式及变化规则1 英语动词有五种基本形式。它们是动词原形、第三人称单数现在时（简称单三）、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。这五种形式和助动词一起构成英语的各种时态和语态等。 例： 原形 第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 work works worked working write writes wrote written writing have has had having do does did done doing 1、单三形式变化规则 （1）一般动词在词尾加- s, 在清辅音后读 /s / ,在浊辅音或元音后读 / z / ;在t后读/ ts /, 在d后读 / dz /。例如：help → helps ，swim → swims （2）以字母s, x, ch , sh 结尾的动词加- es, 读/ iz/ , 在d后读/ dz/.以o结尾的动词也加es，读/ z /。例如：guess → guesses，teach → teaches，go → goes （3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/ z /。例如： fly → flies carry → carries 注： be → is have → has 下一页 返回

20 2 2. 动词- ing形式的构成： 3. 规则动词过去式的构成 上一页 下一页 返回
（1） 一般在动词末尾加-ing. 例如:go → going，ask → asking （2）以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing. 例如:write → writing，close → closing，take → taking （3）以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing. 例如：get → getting，sit → sitting，put → putting，run → running，begin → beginning 3. 规则动词过去式的构成 （1）一般在动词原形末尾加-ed.结尾是e 的动词直接加-d.例如:look → looked，play → played，live → lived，hope → hoped （2）末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed. 例如：stop → stopped，plan → planned，trip → tripped （3）结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-ed. 例如:study → studied，carry → carried 上一页 下一页 返回

21 3 （4）词尾-ed的读音 i. 在浊辅音和元音后面读为/ d / .例如:called，moved ii 在浊辅音后面读为/ t / . 例如：finished ,helped iii 在/ t / , / d /音后面读为/ id / . 例如：wanted ,shouted (5)不规则动词过去式 常见的不规则动词的过去式有:am/is →was,are →were,go →went,have → had,do → did,get → got,come → came,say → said,see → sawput → put,eat → ate,take → took等 详见课本后附录并熟记！ 补： There be 结构“There is /are +某物 / 某人 +某地 / 某时”这样一种句型.句子中的is /are 和后面所跟的名词在数的方面必须一致。 （1）肯定句There is (There’s) a train in the picture. （2）否定句There is not (isn’t) a picture on the wall .There are not (aren’t) any birds in the tree . （3）疑问句和简略答语Is there a girl under the tree? Yes ,there is . /No ,there is not(isn’t). Are there any glasses on the table ? Yes, there are. / No, there are not （aren’t）How many days are there in a week?There are seven. 上一页 返回

22 过去时的练习(1) 1. -Where is Jim? 　-He _______ to the shop. He'll be back in an hour. 　 A. goes B. go C. has gone D. will go 2. I don't think I _______ you in that dress before. A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see 3. I'm sorry you've missed the train. It _______10 minutes ago. A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left 4. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? 　- _______ you _______ your homework yet? 　A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished 5. -I don't know if his uncle_______. 　-I think he_______if it doesn't rain. 　　A. will come; comes B. will come; will come 　　C. comes; will come D. comes; comes 6. -Excuse me, look at the sign: NO PHOTOS! 　-Sorry, I_______it. 　　A. don't see B. didn't see C. haven't seen D. won't see 下一页

23 过去时的练习(2) 7. I think you were in a hurry. You_______your sweater inside out. 　A. had worn B. Wore C. were wearing D. are wearing 8. The traffic in our city is already bad and it_______even worse. 　A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting 9. -Has Jack finished his homework yet? 　-I have no idea. He_______ it this morning. 　A. was doing B. had been doing C. has done D. did 10. -Sorry, I forget to post the letter for you. 　 -Never mind, _______ it myself tonight. 　 A. I'm going to post B. I've decided to post 　 C. I'll post 　D. I'd rather post 下一页 Key: 1-5 CAADB6-10 BDDAC

24 Practice(1) 1. His father _____ ( took , was taking ) a walk in the street when I met him . 2. The glass ______ (dropped , was dropping ) to the ground and broke into pieces . 3. Jack told me he ______ ( came , would come ) back next month. 4. Kate ______ (cleaned , was cleaning ) the windows the day before yesterday . 5. I knew she ______ ( was going , had been ) to Shanghai twice . 6. Who ________ ( sang , was singing ) at ten last night ? 7. I _______ (talked , was talking ) with Mrs. Green at this time yesterday . 8. The two students _____ ( fought , was fighting ) when the teacher walked into the room . 下一页

25 Practice(2) 用动词的适当形式完成句子。
1. I _____ (get )two postcards from her last week . 2. They _____ not _____ ( stay ) there long because it was late . 3. Who _____ (live ) in that room last week ? 4. Yesterday I ______ ( see ) him in the street . 5. ______ ( be ) he a driver three years ago ? 6. He said he _______ ( go ) to New York next month . 7. I ______ ( do )my homework when my mother came back . 8. The students _____ ( be )not in the classroom at that time . 9. ____ he ______ ( play )basketball with his son yesterday afternoon? 10. I ______ ( wash ) my sport shoes just then . 下一页

26 Practice(3) 根据中文意思，用下列英文提示词语造句。 1. 该是学习数学的时间了。 study maths
2. 这棵树和那棵树一样高。 this tree , is , tall , that one 3. 靠我一个人来移动这样床对我来说是很困难的。 difficult , me , move , bed 4. 这张床如此重以至于我移不动它。 the bed , is , heavy , I can’t move , it 5. 昨天洗运动鞋花了我半小时的时间。 me , half an hour , wash , my sport shoes , yesterday 1. It’s time to study maths. 2. This tree is as tall as that one . 3. It is difficult for me to move the bed by myself. 4. The bed is so heavy that I can’t move it . 5. It took me half an hour to wash my sport shoes yesterday . 返回

27 一般将来时的练习(1) 下一页 ( ) 1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be ( ) 2. Charlie ________ here next month. A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work ( ) 3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be ( ) 4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be ( ) 5. –________ you ________ free tomorrow? – No. I ________ free the day after tomorrow. A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be 返回

28 一般将来时的练习(2) ( ) 6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give ( ) 7. – Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? –________. （不，不要。） A. No, you won’t B. No, you aren’t. C. No, please don’t D. No, please. ( ) 8. – Where is the morning paper? – I ________ if for you at once. A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get ( ) 9. ________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 10. If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have 下一页 返回

29 一般将来时的练习(3) ( ) 11. He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will give D. is going to giving ( ) 12. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there. A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote ( ) 13. He ________ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back ( ) 14. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating. A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine ( ) 15. – Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? – No, ________ （不去）. A. they willn’t B. they won’t. C. they aren’t D. they don’t. 下一页 返回

30 一般将来时的练习(4) ( ) 16. Who ________ we ________ swimming with tomorrow afternoon? A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go ( ) 17. We ________ the work this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing ( ) 18. Tomorrow he ________ a kite in the open air first, and then ________ boating in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go ( ) 19. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch ( ) 20. There ________ a birthday party this Sunday. A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be 下一页 返回

31 一般将来时的练习（5） ( ) 21. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.
A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have ( ) 22. ________ you ________ free next Sunday? A. Will; are B. Will; be C. Do; be D. Are; be ( ) 23. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning. A. will B. is C. will be D. be ( ) 24. ________ your brother ________ a magazine from the library? A. Are; going to borrow B. Is; going to borrow C. Will; borrows D. Are; going to borrows ( ) 25. – Shall I come again tomorrow afternoon? –________ （好的）. A. Yes, please B. Yes, you will. C. No, please D. No, you won’t. 下一页 返回

32 一般将来时的练习（6） ( ) 26. It ________ the year of the horse next year.
A. is going to be B. is going to C. will be D. will is ( ) 27. ________ open the window? A. Will you please B. Please will you C. You please D. Do you ( ) 28. – Let’s go out to play football, shall we? – OK. I ________. A. will coming B. be going to come C. come D. am coming ( ) 29. It ________ us a long time to learn English well. A. takes B. will take C. spends D. will spend ( ) 30. The train ________ at 11. A. going to arrive B. will be arrive C. is going to D. is arriving 返回

33 一般将来时练习答案 1. C D D D D B C D 9. B B D C C C B D 17. B A D B B B C B 25. A A A D B D