英语口语中的音变现象及读音规则

0、预备知识

英语连读，是美语语音一项重要技能。因为英语是一种流线型语言，在单词和单词之间，总会存在一种似有非有的联结，或容易辨别，或不容易区分，但是它就存在那里，让一句话听起来像读一个单词一样，这就是连读。连读有助于体现句子的整体性，使整句话听起来更加自然流畅，而中国学生之所以说的断断续续，就本上就是因为没有掌握连读。可以确定的说，听力和口语不好，跟连读没学好，有必然的联系。

https://wenku.baidu.com/view/4625cdac3968011ca30091b6.html

1、 连读现象

1) 辅音+元音的连读模式

Come on in. Put it on. Take it away.
Pick it up. Hands up.
What time is it? Like it.
Not at all. Your eyes.
常见的大致包括以下8种：
[s]+元音
It’s a deal.
Tom has lots of money.
Let’s eat something.
[z]+元音
She’s our teacher.
She smiles to him as if she likes him.
Life goes on as it never ends.生活继续，似乎永无止境。
[m]+元音
What time is it?
My name is Ann.
Sam is Allen’s boyfriend.
[n]+元音
You can ask any questions.
It takes us an hour to get there.
Return it back to me as soon as possible.
[r]+元音
Your eyes are beautiful.
There is a pair of shoes on the table.
Your every goal will be reached.
[l]+元音
You should tell her that you like her.
Tell us your story.
Can I get a bottle of beer?
[p]+元音
Keep it a secret.
Do you like a cup of tea or coffee?
Keep up the good work.
[t]+元音
They always get up early.
Take a look at it.
Put on your hat please.

2) 元音+元音的连读模式

这点是很多同学容易忽视的，此时元音之间要轻松的滑动过去，形成连读，可以分为两类：
前面一个单词的词尾元音是：[i] [e] [aɪ] [ɔɪ]，那么与后面单词词首元音相连时，就要加入半元音 [j] ;
Hurry up
Be on time
Stay up
Don’t worry about it.
Thank you for coming to see me off.
前面一个单词的词尾元音是：[u] [o] [ɑʊ]，那么与后面单词词首元音相连时，就要加入半元音 [w]
Flow out
Grow up
Go on
Just do it
How about going out for dinner tonight?
When you grw up, you can stay up late.
She works day and night.
Mark is the only son of the old couple.
【注】：元音在连读的时候，不要太过生硬。不能为了连读而连读，由慢到快，读熟了之后，滑动半元音就会越来越自然。

3）同类音连读模式相同(辅音对辅音的叠合)

即前面单词辅音结尾与紧随其后的起始音为同一个音时，只需读一次，而不必将这个音读两次，这种情形常发生在[p] [t] [k] [d] [g]
Good day
Black coffee 浓咖啡
Ripe pear 熟的梨
Tame monkey 驯服的猴子
Book case 书柜
Take care 当心
Yes, sir
Big girl
Some money.
Like cat
Your rose.
Good doctor

4）失去爆破连读模式

失去爆破连读模式，一般是针对 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [ɡ] 这六大爆破音的，也就是说，只要这六大爆破音后面紧接着另外一个爆破音，摩擦音，破擦音，鼻腔音或舌边音时，前面的一个爆破音就会失去爆破。值得注意的是，失去爆破不等于完全不读！前面的爆破音虽然不再爆破，但仍然存在，我们要做好发音的嘴型和舌位，稍微阻碍一下，再发下一个辅音。失去爆破，有时候也叫做不完全爆破。
爆破音+爆破音
No big deal.
A big cake.
Have a good time
What do you mean?
Laptop Blackboard.
爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音
A big challenge.
A big tree
A mad driver
Sweet dream.
I think so.
I need some money
爆破音+鼻辅音
Pop music. Get some water
Good night. Good morning
Let me help. youImportant
注：鼻腔爆破主要是针对于[t]和[d]的音变。
爆破辅音+舌边音俗称“舌边爆破”，主要是涉及字母”t”的发音。
Lately. Badly （badly damaged）
At least. At last. At lunch
Proudly. Loudly
Say it out loud大声说出来；

5) 同化连读模式

所谓同化，就是两个不同的发音连在一起，最后相互影响，变成一个统一的发音。
1．[t] + [j] = [ʧ]
Can I get you a drink?
Is that your answer?
Don’t hurt yourself.
I’ll come next year.
2．[d] + [j] = [ʤ]
Could you tell me where the restroom is?
Did your father come?
You didn’t like me, did you?你原来并不喜欢我的，对吧？
We followed your instructions.
3．[s] + [j] = [ʃ]
God bless you.
I’d like to come this year.
I’ll try to guess your age.[geshierage]
4．[z] + [j] = [ʒ]
Close your eyes.
As you wish.随便；
As usual和往常一样；
When’s your birthday?
How’s your family?

2、 弱读现象

众所周知，美语语调犹如“波峰波谷”，“绵延起伏”，要到达“波峰”，就自然要下到“波谷”。这些所谓的“波谷”，其实就是由各种各样的弱读元音组成的。而我们平时交流过程中，也会发现，不可能每个单词的语调都轻重不分的，也不可能每个单词的发音时间也平均分配。在一句话当中，必然有些单词较为关键，有些单词一带而过。这样就形成了重读和弱读现象。

一般说来，实词要重读，虚词要弱读。实词一般是代表句子意思主体的词，包括：名词，实意动词，形容词副词，，数词，感叹词和代词；而虚词主要是那些完善语法的词，包括：介词，冠词，助动词和情态动词。有时候，代词也常常被弱读

1) 介词的弱读

To—用t或者tə代替to [tu]
①　I don’t know how to say it.
②　Get to page 8
③　Show me how to get them
④　You have to know when to do it
⑤　Who’s to blame?
At—用[ət]代替[æt]
①　We are at home.
②　I’ll see you at lunch.
③　He’s at the post office.
④　I’m at school.
⑤　He’s at a meeting.
⑥　One at a time.
⑦　I was at a friend’s house.
For—用[fr]代替[fɔr]
①　Keep it for a ‘few day.
②　Do it for ‘you.
③　It’s for my ‘friend.
④　A table for ‘two please.
⑤　For example, for instance.
From—用[frəm]代替[frɔm]
①　I’m from China
②　I received a letter from Ben.
③　Where is it from?
④　Where are you from?
In—用[n]或[ən]代替[In]
①　Who’s in it?
②　It’s in the house.
③　She’s in Africa.
④　I’ll be back in a while.
Of—用[əf] 代替 [ɔf]
①　Get out of here.
②　I dislike all of them.
③　What’s the name of that music?
④　As a matter of fact,he can’t speak English very well.
⑤　Practice all of the time

2) 其他常见单词的弱读：

An: 用[ən]代替[æn]
①　She’s an American.
②　Do you want an apple?
③　I got an A in English.
④　He had an accident.
And：用[n]或[ən]代替[ænd]
①　I want some cream and sugar.
②　What? Lemon and sugar.
③　What about some hams and eggs?
④　He learned it over and over again.
⑤　You can go back and forth.
Him&Her: [him]-[ɪm] & [hɝ]-[ɚ]
①　I like her so much.
②　I really want to see her.
③　I taught him a lesson.
④　You’d better tell him the truth.
⑤　It’s him who likes you more.
Them: [ðɛm]-[ðəm]
①　I don’t like them at all.
②　Tell them to be on time
③　I want all of them.
④　Get them out of here.

总结发现，[ə]是美音当中一个非常重要的发音，可以说是体现美音特点的一个重要的发音。很多元音弱读都变成了[ə]。比如：[ɪ] [ɛ] [æ][ɔ]。我们已经学过了弱读，知道美语当中很多发音会被弱读。其实在美语当中，有些发音不仅会被弱读，甚至直接会省略某些发音，使得整句话说起来更加自然流畅，这就是缩读。缩读是美语当中非常常见的现象，非常的口语化，但在正式严肃场合下，一般不用。但是不管怎样，缩读仍然是英美人士习惯的交流方式。有必要掌握它，让自己的口语更加Conversational和Functional。

3. 缩读

1) 常见单词缩读

Are→ r

1. How are you doing?
2. The iPhone6 are amazing.
3. Where are you going?
4. My parents are not here.

And→ n

1. I want some cream and sugar.
2. He learned it over and over again.
3. Rock and roll
4. Up and down

You→ ya

1. What you are doing here?
2. You’re American, aren’t you?

Sure→ Sher
) It’s a sure thing.
2) Are you sure?

Some → [səm]

1. Do you want some food?
2. There are still some apples?
3. I like some of them.

Because→ ‘Cause[bikəz]

1. I like Hangzhou city because it’s dynamic.
2. I helped her because she is my best friend.
3. I like English because it’s an international language.

2) 关于介词”to”的缩读

Want to→ wanna
I want to go to America.
I want to get some water.
Going to→ gonna
I’m going to go to America.
He’s going to study abroad.
Nothing’s going to change my love for you.
Got to → gotta
I gotta go now.
I gotta see a doctor right now.
I gotta go for lunch.
Have to→ Hæftə
I have to work harder.
She has to cook everyday.

3)关于介词”of”的缩读

Out of→ outta
Get out of here.
Get outta here.
Make love out of nothing at all
I’m all out of love
In front of → in’frənnə
The store is in front of the station.
A cup of→ a’cʌpə
Can I get a cup of tea?
A cup of coffee.

4) 关于代词”me”的缩读

Leave me→ lee’me
Leave me alone!
Let me→ lem’me
Let me try it on.
Give me→ gimme
Give me that book.

5)关于”have”的缩读

Could have→ could’a
Tom could have finished homework.
Should have → should’a
You should have done it.
Must have → must’a
He must have finished homework.
Would have→ would’a
They would have come to the meeting if he had known about it.

6)关于疑问词“what”的缩读

What are you → wachya [wɑʧə]
What are you doing right now?
What did you → wudiya [wɑdiʤə]
What did you find yesterday?[wɑʤə find today?]
What did you say?[wɑʤə say]
What does → what’s [wɑts]
What’s she do for a living?

7)几个特殊的缩读

Don’t know→ dunno
I don’t know what you are doing now.
Goodbye→ g’bye
Kiss you goodbye.See you tomorrow,g’bye.
Goodnight → g’night
He says g’night to her every day.

4.美语中的“T”浊化

美语当中的”T”音，非常的灵活。可以说，正是有了”T”浊化这个音，大大的促进了英语的流畅度，和放松度。比如：Betty bought a bit of better butter。大家对比就会发现，如果每一个t都发[t]，语速会慢，而且不自然。但若加上连读和”t”浊化，就会自然流畅很多。
受语调和字母”t”在单词的位置的影响，”t”的发音也非常多样，可以发[d]，可以发[t]，也可以直接不发音。具体情况，我们来一个个分析学习。

1) T在词首或重读音节，发[t]音

Test.Tired.TomatoesI’talian.
A’ttack.Pho’tographer

1. Ted takes ten tickets;
2. It Took Tim Ten Times to finish the Task.

2）T在两个元音之间且非重读，发[d]音

BetterLetterButterCity WaterBitterWriter

1. Betty bought a bit of better butter.

3）T前面是一个元音，后面是模糊的[l]，且非重读，发[d]音

Metal.Little.Bottle.Settle

1. Keep looking, and don’t settle.
2. A bottle of water.
3. A little bit tired.

4）T前面是元音后面是前鼻音[n]，会发生鼻腔爆破。如果是d也一样。

Written.Forgotten.Certain.Curtain.Button
Sentence.bitten.Mountain.Important.witness
Pardon.Sudden.Burden.Golden.Didn’t

1. The book is written by Bill Clinton.
2. The cotton curtain is not in the garden.
3. Students study Latin in Britain.
4. It’s not certain that Martin has gotten a chance.

5）T前面是清辅音或[n]，后面是一个元音且非重读，t发成近似[d]或不发音。

发成近似[d]：Faster.Sister.Fifty.after.yesterday.chapter
不发音：Interview.Internet .International. InteractiveTwenty–twenny or twendy Winter–winner or winder
句子练习

1. He had a perfect interview.
2. I am at the international center./Innernational senner/
3. Turn the printer on

6）T在单词词尾，且前面又有元音或者”r”字母，此时”t”不发音。

Heart .Handcart. Cat. Hat. What.
Get.Take it.Credit Card.Visit it.
Correct.Left.Last.Belt.Melt.Slept.

总而言之，以上六条规律，都只是针对单词的个体的规律，但是如果处于句子当中，字母t可能就会发生连读，爆破、浊化等现象。

5.异化

由于摩擦音[s]是往外送气音，如果后面紧接的也是一个摩擦或破擦音，气流向外。那么这样的发音会非常不自然，不符合英语语言的自然规律。因此，[s]后面的发音，就会发生异化。[p]会异化[b]，[k]会异化[g]，[t]会异化[d]，[tr]会异化[dr]等。

S+p

Spend.Spider.Spoon.Speak
How do you spend your holiday?

S+k

Sky.Scared.Skill.Screen
I’m so scared.

S+t

Stay.Steak.Stare.Start
How would you like your steak?

S+tr

Astronaut.String.Strange.Australia.
学完这些，再去听之前的音变训练文章，so easy。甚至，你可以把它做成课件去教别人了。

参考链接：https://www.zhihu.com/question/52132789/answer/138206614

https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0626/118201369.shtm
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/7ac57ce290c69ec3d4bb7565.html