【英语】动词时态与语态

一般现在时

标志词：always, usually, often , sometimes, every…
定义
1）表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：

e.g. He goes to work every day.

2）表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实：

e.g. The earth is round.

谓语动词形式
1）当主语是非三单形式时，动词用原形

e.g. We/they/I/you +动原

2）当主语是第三人称单数时， 动词要用三单变化形式

e.g. she/he/it+动词三单形式

• 多数动词的三单形式为动词+s: play-plays; like-likes

• 以字母s, x, ch, sh 或o结尾的动词，词尾直接加es

e.g. wash-washes do-does pass-passes

• 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i 再加es

e.g. try-tries study-studies cry-cries

• 不规则变化：be-is have-has

主将从现：即在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作要用一般现在时态。

标志词：as soon as, when, till, until, unless, if

1. My mother will take me to the park if she is free.

2. Let me know when he comes back.

一般过去时

定 义

一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作

状 态

过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为

标志词

yesterday, ago

just now, last year, last night

when sb was…years old

e.g. You missed two classes just last week.

used to do sth

e.g. I used to take a walk in the morning.

一般将来时

定 义

表示将来某一时间段的动作或状态，或将来某一段时内经常的动作或状态。

标志词

固定词组：in the future

in+时间段：in an hour / in a minute

next+名词：next week / next year

tomorrow 及其相关词组：tomorrow morning / night

动词结构

will/shall do; be going to do

e.g. I will/shall do it for you.

She is going to water the garden

特殊结构

be about to +动词原形

The lecture is about to begin.

be to +动词原形

The store is to be open on Sunday.

特殊用法

某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词可用

现在进行时可表示将来：go , come, start, arrive, leave

1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.

现在进行时

定 义

表示现在进行的动作或存在的状态

标志词

now，right now

look，listen，smell

this…/ these…

基本结构

（am/is/ are+doing）

表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。

e.g. The teacher is talking with his students.

表示现阶段正在进行的动作

e.g. I am attending a conference in Beijing.

过去进行时

定 义

表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作

标志词

last night/Saturday，yesterday；

与 when, while , as引导的过去时间状语连用

基本结构

(was /were + doing)

e.g. He was excercising from seven to nine yesterday.

When he came, Jack was doing his homework.

While she was playing Pingpong, she got hurt.
　
进行时态高频考点

1. 重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。

2. When表示时间上的点，在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时…”，主句多用进行时态；while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当…时”，该从句用进行时态

现在完成时

定 义

过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成影响并可能持续发生下去。

结 构

has/ have + done

标志词

yet, lately , recently, always, so far

days/weeks/years, until now, up to now,

since+ 时间点, for+时间段

in the last/past…years/decades

1.成的动作，强调结果。

e.g. He has left here.

Li Ming has just turned off the light.

2.某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去 (可延续性动词）。

He has lived here for 30 years.

3. 表重复

My father has always gone to work by bike.

It is the first/second time that she has volunteered to help the patients in critical conditions.

• 非延续性动词（leave, die, join ）不能直接和表示延续的时间状语连用。

He has left Shanghai for 3 years. ×

• It is（has been） +时间+ since……（过去时）

e.g. It is 3 years since he left Shanghai .

• be+介词

e.g. He has been away from Shanghai for 3 years.

例：他已经死了三年了。

误：He has died for three years.

正：He has been dead for three years.

正：It is 3 years since he died.

非延续性动词

arrive/reach, buy, close, post, fall, die

leave,come, go, break, lose, give, join

receive, borrow, move, hear, hear from,

become, begin/start, finish, marry

非延续性动词转换

leave→been away, borrow→keep

buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead

move to→live in, finish→be over,

join→be in/be a member of

open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill

et up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold

buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead

现在完成时

• have(has)been to：去过某地, 表示一种经历

可以和 once, twice, often, never, ever 连用

例：He has been to America twice.

• have(has) gone to：去某地的途中或已在某地

例：He has gone to America.

现在完成进行时

定 义

表示开始于过去的活动持续到现在，并且活动往往还没有结束，将继续持续下去。

结 构

have/has been doing

标志词

与现在完成时基本一致

since+ 时间点, for+时间段

in the last/past…years/decades

e.g. I have been living in Hawaii for ten years.

过去完成时

基本结构：

had done

1. 一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前

The class had started when we hurried there.

The bus had left when we got there.

2. It was the first/second/last time that…

It was the first time that I had finished it by myself.

将来完成时

定 义

到将来某个时间为止预计或势必会完成的动作。

标志词

by/by the time(year)of /by the end of+表将来的时间状语

结 构

will/shall have done

e.g. By the year of 2050, AI will have replaced most human workers.

动词的语态

They always help you. （主动）

You are always helped by them （被动）

被动语态结构：be+done

被动语态标志：by 引起的短语（句尾）

主动表被动

1. need/require +doing sth（=to be done）

Need doing=need to be done

Require doing=require to be done

Your car needs repairing=Your car needs to be repaired.

2. be worth doing 值得做（表示被动）

The place is worth visiting.

3. 部分感官动词 sound, feel, look, smell, taste+形容词

e.g. The stone feels cold.

The music sounds beautiful.

4. sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰

e.g. This kind of clothes sells well.

The pen writes smoothly.

主谓一致

谓语动词用单数的情况

1）当名词词组中心词为表示金钱、时间、度量、距离、价格等复数名词时，把这些复数名词看作一个整体。谓语动词采用单数形式。

• Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

• Fifty minutes isn’t enough to finish this test．

• Ten miles seems like a long walk to me．

2）以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，常用单数谓语动词形式当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。

• Politics is his favorite subject．

• Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn．
3）不定式、现在分词和从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数

• Playing with fire is dangerous．

• Early to rise and early to bed is a good habit．

• When and where the building will be built hasn’t been decided．

注意：

• 若用and连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。

• 若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。

就近原则

由not only…but also，either…or，neither…nor，not…but, there be或者or连接并列主语时，通常采用就近原则，谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。

• Either I or he is responsible for it.

• Neither your words nor your attitude has offended me.

• Not only he but also his family members are interested in that.

• There is one book and two pens on the desk.

就远原则

当句中的主语后接 with，as well as，along with together with，including，accompanied by，but 等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响。

• John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.

• No one but Jane and Tom was there then.